Hostages of the political system
The exhibition "Hostages of the political system" presents household items used by the repressed in the early years of the village's formation, and photographs of residents who made a great contribution to the development of their native settlement. Visiting the exhibition, you can learn about the fate of people who lived during the years of repression, and see photos of the settlement of the forties and fifties of the last century.
The first mention of the village of Aksarka was found in the book of the famous researcher A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich on September 9, 1897. There was no village as such yet. Only in the log on the old Aksarka there was a barn of the fisherman Plotnikov and a small hut for the watchman. This date was the beginning of the formation of the village.
Deputies of the District Assembly of the Priuralsky district on April 18 , 2005 adopted decision No. 20 on establishing the date of the first mention of the village of Aksark on September 9 , 1897 . The history of the village as a permanent settlement is inextricably linked with the events that took place in the country in the 30s.
The history textbook of the 9th grade says so about that time: "Two interrelated violent processes took place in the village: the creation of collective farms and dekulakization. The liquidation of Kulak farms was aimed primarily at providing collective farms with a material base. From the end of 1929 to the middle of 1930, more than 320 thousand peasant farms were dispossessed. Their property worth more than 175 million rubles was transferred to collective farms" [1].
The thirties and early fifties are marked in the history of our country as a period of widely practiced evictions and deportations of large masses of people and even entire nations. The vast majority of the deportees were sent to a special settlement.
The history of exile and penal servitude in Siberia begins in the XVI century, when runaway peasants, participants of popular demonstrations and criminal criminals are sent to Siberia by order of robbery. During the coups of the middle of the XVIII century, participants in political and court intrigues were sent to Siberian exile. At the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries, exile to Siberia became more widespread. Approximately in the first quarter of the XIX century, the role of political exile as an instrument of struggle against the growing revolutionary movement significantly increased. Abolished by the February Revolution in 1917. The exile was restored by the Bolshevik government. During the Soviet period, the resettlement of "unreliable" people to the North began to be massive.
The history of special settlement dates back to 1929, when the first batches of peasants (the so-called kulaks and podkulachniki) were sent to special settlement (labor settlement). Otherwise it was called "Kulak exile", In the certificate of the Department for special settlers of the OGPU GULAG under the title "Information about the evicted kulaks in 1930-31" it was indicated that during this period 381026 families with a total of 1803,392 people were evicted (with sending to special settlement). In the same document, statistics of evicted families by region were presented.
The liquidation of the Kulaks, depriving the village of the most enterprising, most independent peasants, undermined the spirit of resistance. In addition, the fate of the dispossessed was to serve as an example to the rest, those who did not want to voluntarily go to the collective farm. Kulaks were evicted with their families, infants, and the elderly. Thousands and thousands of people were transported to remote areas of the Urals, Siberia, and Kazakhstan in cold, unheated wagons with a minimum amount of household belongings.
Until 1934, the peasants sent to the "Kulak exile" were called special settlers, in 1934-1944 – labor settlers, since 1944 – special settlers (all these three terms are synonymous).
Special settlers were brought to 57 settlements of the Yamalo-Nenets District at 11 fish factories.
In 1929-1931, dispossessed peasants were sent to our district from the Chelyabinsk and Astrakhan regions, as well as from the south of the Tyumen region.
By the decree of the Central Executive Committee of December 10, 1930, the Yamal (Nenets) National District was formed as part of the Ural Region. It also included our Priuralsky district with the center in the village of Shchuchye. The collection "Priuralsky District on the map of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug" says: "Since 1930, the dispossessed began to be brought to the lands where the village of Aksarka is currently located, landing them on the steep bank of the Ob River and leaving them without housing and means of livelihood. In 1933 There were 188 families living in Aksark — 1049 repressed people and only four families — 20 people of the local population (data from the Omsk Regional Land Administration 1933-1935).
In the archival materials of the regional museum of local lore there are memories of Krapivin A.A., who accurately indicates that the construction of the village began in the winter from 1930 to 1931, the main construction was in 1932, when by spring people entered the houses.
From the memoirs of the special settlers of the village of Aksarka, a tragic picture of the lives of people who found themselves in our harsh region against their will emerges. Some worked in construction, some in fishing. From the exiles, especially skilled, they created a non-statutory artel, which included both carpenters and carpenters. Housing construction has begun. The river bank in the Aksarka area is high and steep, and it was necessary to lift logs for construction uphill, and there was no equipment.
By the spring of 1932, people entered the houses they had built. They built a small bathhouse, a bakery, a shop. They lived in barracks for 6 families and dugout houses. There was only one street, which was called Pervomaiskaya. She is still the main one in the village. In our museum there are exhibits – chairs of the beginning of the XX century, which were carefully brought to Aksarka by the Ninth (a wedding gift to the family). The museum's exposition also presents a festive dress (a couple), which the special resident Devyatova M.V. brought with her and carefully kept for many years.
The settlers began to try to develop the land. Vegetables and potatoes were not imported, but they began to plant themselves, and somewhere by the 40s such field cultivation developed that by the May Day holidays there were onions, radishes, cucumbers on the tables of residents from greenhouses. Potatoes were also grown. Cattle were also brought to the village. The personal herd reached up to 100 heads, there was enough pasture for everyone and there were no problems with hayfields.
Handicraft industry began to develop: sewing artel (engaged in sewing clothes and dressing skins and sewing fur clothes); brick factory (production of bricks, lime firing, manufacture of sinkers for fishing); bakery, smokehouse, kayaking and carpentry artel, netting workshop.
In 1931, a fish factory was formed in Aksarka, and then a fish factory. In addition to fishing and subsequent processing, its activities extended to education (maintenance of kindergartens, nurseries); construction (construction and repair of housing, industrial facilities, social culture); agriculture (reindeer husbandry, animal husbandry, animal husbandry).
In the areas where the deportants were sent, special commissariats were created, which carried out strict accounting of the so-called "special contingent". The presence of such in the district in the language of state security workers was called "clogging". In the village of Aksarka, a commandant's office was also organized, to which everyone should go every day to register. According to the memoirs of Krapivin A.A., the commandant treated the exiles very harshly. In winter, after hard work (it was necessary to view 20 shutter grids per person), they stood in line outside the commandant's office to check in until 12 at night, and at 6 in the morning they went back to work.
In 1930-1933, 2-3 Nenets families lived in the village. The director of the plant, the fishing technician, the commandant were from the locals, and the rest were exiles. In 1933, there were 188 families of special settlers in the village of Aksarka.
In 1951, in the cooperage shop under the leadership of Vasily Gavrilovich Devyatov, the first motorcycle garage was born, updated in 1955. A couplet was invented about the master and his brainchild: "he changed the sail to a motor, and the seine to a smooth expanse." V.G. Devyatov was awarded many government awards, including the Order of the Badge of Honor. The boat underwent another improvement in its design in the early seventies under the leadership of Nikolai Grigoryevich Azarov and Yuri Nikolaevich Paromov. It is this model of a small vessel that has been with the Ural fishermen for several decades. In addition, it was supplied to the Tazovsky, Krasnoselkupsky and Gorkovsky fish factories. The famous budarka – steady on the wave, with a load capacity of up to a ton with remarkable driving qualities can still be seen today during the putina.
Since 1940, the district center was moved to the village of Aksarka and the village began to develop as a district center, all the administrative structures of the district were moved here.
In 1940, under the leadership of Obgosrybtrest, the Aksarkovsky fish factory was the concentration of all life in the village. In the 1930s and 1940s, non-water fishing remained the basis of fishing. It was conducted by strezhev non-water on the strezhev sands of Halevosh, Talovaya Yambura. These names are still well known to the fishermen of the Urals. Eleven fish reception points were organized, during the summer period fish were cooled and frozen there. In Aksarka and Yambura, rail tracks were laid on the pier. Trolleys ran along them, delivering the catch from the ships to the warehouses. Later, schoolchildren worked on these "railways" and in the workshop, helping adults in everything. In 1940, the plant was kept on five fishing sites: Kamenny, Sanganpansky, Aksarkovsky and Yamburkovsky (the latter was called "the plant in the factory" - only herring of special salt were harvested here for 2,200 barrels). All these years, the plant has been the cementing foundation, the main core around which the history of not only Aksarka, but also the Priuralsky district has been twisting.
Based on the reports of local NKVD bodies (according to the data for the first quarter of 1941), there were 34,824 people in the Omsk region. special settlers (labor settlers), of which there are 819 people in Aksarka. Peaceful life ended at the moment when on August 19, 1941, and then on September 3 and 22, "67 people were released from work due to enlistment in the ranks of the Red Army."One of the parties of conscripts was taken away from the Backwater on a barge, without even giving a final visit to Aksarka. They never returned home again.
In March 1942, the NKVD of the USSR and the NGO of the USSR decided on the possibility of conscription of labor settlers of military age. In a number of territories and regions, military enlistment offices partially called labor settlers to construction battalions and personnel units.
In the order of the NKVD of the USSR No. 002303 "On the removal from the register of the labor exile of labor settlers drafted into the Red Army and their family members" dated October 22, 1942, signed by L.P. Beria, it was indicated (we quote the entire text verbatim):
"All labor settlers drafted into the Red Army and direct members of their families (wife, children) should be removed from the work reference register.
The removal of the work reference from the register should be issued by a special resolution approved by the head of the NKVD and the Prosecutor for each family separately, on the basis of certificates issued by military enlistment offices.
To issue passports without restrictions to those who have been removed from the register.
De-registered work links are exempt from 5% deductions from their salaries.
The People's Commissars of Internal Affairs of the republics and the heads of the NKVD Departments of the territories and regions should carry out work on de-registering the work reference within a month and report on the execution to the NKVD of the USSR." By November 1, 1942, the mobilization of labor settlers in the Red Army was completed. Since the beginning of the war, 60,747 labor settlers have been drafted into the army throughout the USSR.
When the Great Patriotic War began, the former special settlers, and now the residents of Aksarka went to the front to defend their homeland. The fate of Mikhail Dmitrievich Dobrynin, a special settler, is most indicative.He went to the front right from Kudrin sand, and immediately fell under Stalingrad, became a sapper. Mikhail Dmitrievich was a neat, intelligent soldier – he received one slight wound during the entire war. — "I was just lucky," Mikhail Dmitrievich said. But the rewards were not easy for him. The highest soldier's valor should be distinguished by the one who was awarded the Order of Glory, and Dobrynin M.D. has two of them. He received one Order of Glory for his participation in the battles during the crossing of the Vistula, the second for his participation in the battles near Frankfurt. Junior Sergeant Dobrynin ended the war near Berlin. His military path was marked by two Orders of Glory, two Orders of the Red Star, the Order of the Patriotic War of the First degree, medals for Bravery and For Military Merit.
During the Great Patriotic War, a second powerful stream of deportees poured into Yamal. On June 18, 1942, evacuees from the frontline arrived in Aksarka. But this time they were not Kulaks, but Finns-Ingermanlanders from the Leningrad region. Those who arrived (forty people in total) were immediately sent to work at the plant. Among them are the family of David Matveevich Khatu, Vilyamin Davidovich Lukkonen, Andrey Andreevich Korkhonen. Later Andrey Andreevich will become one of the best fishermen of the plant, his honor and glory. Sovetskaya Street (formerly Kolkhoznaya) was built by Finns, so it was also sometimes called Finnish. The people, without further ado, dubbed it so because the families of Finnish immigrants built and settled on it.
The influx of internally displaced persons was stopped by Stalin's death in 1953 . It was only in 1956 that special settlers began to be issued passports, but they were not allowed to leave yet. Some did not go home, but stayed here: in their homeland they were waiting for the notoriety of a criminal, someone just had nowhere to go. With the Volga Germans, the matter was complicated by the fact that their republic was not restored and they had nowhere to go. Descendants of deported Germans and Finns still live in Aksark: Fuss, Korhonen, Antonen, Wiedemann, Will, Hetman, Lazarson, Ostertag, Folvert.
In the era of perestroika, the press finally told the truth about Stalin and those times. The logical conclusion of this process at the state level was the publication of normative documents to restore social injustice towards victims of political repression. On October 18, 1991, the RSFSR Law "On Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression" was issued.
The fate of the descendants of the special settlers turned out differently – some, after graduating from school in the village of Aksarka, went to Salekhard and other cities, others entered higher and secondary educational institutions, received a specialty and worked at the enterprises of the village. And the great-great-grandchildren of those first special settlers are now studying at the Aksarkovskaya school.
The village has its own interesting history, similar and at the same time not similar to the history of other similar settlements in the Priuralsky district.
The first mention of the village of Aksarka was found in the book of the famous researcher A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich on September 9, 1897. There was no village as such yet. Only in the log on the old Aksarka there was a barn of the fisherman Plotnikov and a small hut for the watchman. This date was the beginning of the formation of the village.
Deputies of the District Assembly of the Priuralsky district on April 18 , 2005 adopted decision No. 20 on establishing the date of the first mention of the village of Aksark on September 9 , 1897 . The history of the village as a permanent settlement is inextricably linked with the events that took place in the country in the 30s.
The history textbook of the 9th grade says so about that time: "Two interrelated violent processes took place in the village: the creation of collective farms and dekulakization. The liquidation of Kulak farms was aimed primarily at providing collective farms with a material base. From the end of 1929 to the middle of 1930, more than 320 thousand peasant farms were dispossessed. Their property worth more than 175 million rubles was transferred to collective farms" [1].
The thirties and early fifties are marked in the history of our country as a period of widely practiced evictions and deportations of large masses of people and even entire nations. The vast majority of the deportees were sent to a special settlement.
The history of exile and penal servitude in Siberia begins in the XVI century, when runaway peasants, participants of popular demonstrations and criminal criminals are sent to Siberia by order of robbery. During the coups of the middle of the XVIII century, participants in political and court intrigues were sent to Siberian exile. At the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries, exile to Siberia became more widespread. Approximately in the first quarter of the XIX century, the role of political exile as an instrument of struggle against the growing revolutionary movement significantly increased. Abolished by the February Revolution in 1917. The exile was restored by the Bolshevik government. During the Soviet period, the resettlement of "unreliable" people to the North began to be massive.
The history of special settlement dates back to 1929, when the first batches of peasants (the so-called kulaks and podkulachniki) were sent to special settlement (labor settlement). Otherwise it was called "Kulak exile", In the certificate of the Department for special settlers of the OGPU GULAG under the title "Information about the evicted kulaks in 1930-31" it was indicated that during this period 381026 families with a total of 1803,392 people were evicted (with sending to special settlement). In the same document, statistics of evicted families by region were presented.
The liquidation of the Kulaks, depriving the village of the most enterprising, most independent peasants, undermined the spirit of resistance. In addition, the fate of the dispossessed was to serve as an example to the rest, those who did not want to voluntarily go to the collective farm. Kulaks were evicted with their families, infants, and the elderly. Thousands and thousands of people were transported to remote areas of the Urals, Siberia, and Kazakhstan in cold, unheated wagons with a minimum amount of household belongings.
Until 1934, the peasants sent to the "Kulak exile" were called special settlers, in 1934-1944 – labor settlers, since 1944 – special settlers (all these three terms are synonymous).
Special settlers were brought to 57 settlements of the Yamalo-Nenets District at 11 fish factories.
In 1929-1931, dispossessed peasants were sent to our district from the Chelyabinsk and Astrakhan regions, as well as from the south of the Tyumen region.
By the decree of the Central Executive Committee of December 10, 1930, the Yamal (Nenets) National District was formed as part of the Ural Region. It also included our Priuralsky district with the center in the village of Shchuchye. The collection "Priuralsky District on the map of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug" says: "Since 1930, the dispossessed began to be brought to the lands where the village of Aksarka is currently located, landing them on the steep bank of the Ob River and leaving them without housing and means of livelihood. In 1933 There were 188 families living in Aksark — 1049 repressed people and only four families — 20 people of the local population (data from the Omsk Regional Land Administration 1933-1935).
In the archival materials of the regional museum of local lore there are memories of Krapivin A.A., who accurately indicates that the construction of the village began in the winter from 1930 to 1931, the main construction was in 1932, when by spring people entered the houses.
From the memoirs of the special settlers of the village of Aksarka, a tragic picture of the lives of people who found themselves in our harsh region against their will emerges. Some worked in construction, some in fishing. From the exiles, especially skilled, they created a non-statutory artel, which included both carpenters and carpenters. Housing construction has begun. The river bank in the Aksarka area is high and steep, and it was necessary to lift logs for construction uphill, and there was no equipment.
By the spring of 1932, people entered the houses they had built. They built a small bathhouse, a bakery, a shop. They lived in barracks for 6 families and dugout houses. There was only one street, which was called Pervomaiskaya. She is still the main one in the village. In our museum there are exhibits – chairs of the beginning of the XX century, which were carefully brought to Aksarka by the Ninth (a wedding gift to the family). The museum's exposition also presents a festive dress (a couple), which the special resident Devyatova M.V. brought with her and carefully kept for many years.
The settlers began to try to develop the land. Vegetables and potatoes were not imported, but they began to plant themselves, and somewhere by the 40s such field cultivation developed that by the May Day holidays there were onions, radishes, cucumbers on the tables of residents from greenhouses. Potatoes were also grown. Cattle were also brought to the village. The personal herd reached up to 100 heads, there was enough pasture for everyone and there were no problems with hayfields.
Handicraft industry began to develop: sewing artel (engaged in sewing clothes and dressing skins and sewing fur clothes); brick factory (production of bricks, lime firing, manufacture of sinkers for fishing); bakery, smokehouse, kayaking and carpentry artel, netting workshop.
In 1931, a fish factory was formed in Aksarka, and then a fish factory. In addition to fishing and subsequent processing, its activities extended to education (maintenance of kindergartens, nurseries); construction (construction and repair of housing, industrial facilities, social culture); agriculture (reindeer husbandry, animal husbandry, animal husbandry).
In the areas where the deportants were sent, special commissariats were created, which carried out strict accounting of the so-called "special contingent". The presence of such in the district in the language of state security workers was called "clogging". In the village of Aksarka, a commandant's office was also organized, to which everyone should go every day to register. According to the memoirs of Krapivin A.A., the commandant treated the exiles very harshly. In winter, after hard work (it was necessary to view 20 shutter grids per person), they stood in line outside the commandant's office to check in until 12 at night, and at 6 in the morning they went back to work.
In 1930-1933, 2-3 Nenets families lived in the village. The director of the plant, the fishing technician, the commandant were from the locals, and the rest were exiles. In 1933, there were 188 families of special settlers in the village of Aksarka.
In 1951, in the cooperage shop under the leadership of Vasily Gavrilovich Devyatov, the first motorcycle garage was born, updated in 1955. A couplet was invented about the master and his brainchild: "he changed the sail to a motor, and the seine to a smooth expanse." V.G. Devyatov was awarded many government awards, including the Order of the Badge of Honor. The boat underwent another improvement in its design in the early seventies under the leadership of Nikolai Grigoryevich Azarov and Yuri Nikolaevich Paromov. It is this model of a small vessel that has been with the Ural fishermen for several decades. In addition, it was supplied to the Tazovsky, Krasnoselkupsky and Gorkovsky fish factories. The famous budarka – steady on the wave, with a load capacity of up to a ton with remarkable driving qualities can still be seen today during the putina.
Since 1940, the district center was moved to the village of Aksarka and the village began to develop as a district center, all the administrative structures of the district were moved here.
In 1940, under the leadership of Obgosrybtrest, the Aksarkovsky fish factory was the concentration of all life in the village. In the 1930s and 1940s, non-water fishing remained the basis of fishing. It was conducted by strezhev non-water on the strezhev sands of Halevosh, Talovaya Yambura. These names are still well known to the fishermen of the Urals. Eleven fish reception points were organized, during the summer period fish were cooled and frozen there. In Aksarka and Yambura, rail tracks were laid on the pier. Trolleys ran along them, delivering the catch from the ships to the warehouses. Later, schoolchildren worked on these "railways" and in the workshop, helping adults in everything. In 1940, the plant was kept on five fishing sites: Kamenny, Sanganpansky, Aksarkovsky and Yamburkovsky (the latter was called "the plant in the factory" - only herring of special salt were harvested here for 2,200 barrels). All these years, the plant has been the cementing foundation, the main core around which the history of not only Aksarka, but also the Priuralsky district has been twisting.
Based on the reports of local NKVD bodies (according to the data for the first quarter of 1941), there were 34,824 people in the Omsk region. special settlers (labor settlers), of which there are 819 people in Aksarka. Peaceful life ended at the moment when on August 19, 1941, and then on September 3 and 22, "67 people were released from work due to enlistment in the ranks of the Red Army."One of the parties of conscripts was taken away from the Backwater on a barge, without even giving a final visit to Aksarka. They never returned home again.
In March 1942, the NKVD of the USSR and the NGO of the USSR decided on the possibility of conscription of labor settlers of military age. In a number of territories and regions, military enlistment offices partially called labor settlers to construction battalions and personnel units.
In the order of the NKVD of the USSR No. 002303 "On the removal from the register of the labor exile of labor settlers drafted into the Red Army and their family members" dated October 22, 1942, signed by L.P. Beria, it was indicated (we quote the entire text verbatim):
"All labor settlers drafted into the Red Army and direct members of their families (wife, children) should be removed from the work reference register.
The removal of the work reference from the register should be issued by a special resolution approved by the head of the NKVD and the Prosecutor for each family separately, on the basis of certificates issued by military enlistment offices.
To issue passports without restrictions to those who have been removed from the register.
De-registered work links are exempt from 5% deductions from their salaries.
The People's Commissars of Internal Affairs of the republics and the heads of the NKVD Departments of the territories and regions should carry out work on de-registering the work reference within a month and report on the execution to the NKVD of the USSR." By November 1, 1942, the mobilization of labor settlers in the Red Army was completed. Since the beginning of the war, 60,747 labor settlers have been drafted into the army throughout the USSR.
When the Great Patriotic War began, the former special settlers, and now the residents of Aksarka went to the front to defend their homeland. The fate of Mikhail Dmitrievich Dobrynin, a special settler, is most indicative.He went to the front right from Kudrin sand, and immediately fell under Stalingrad, became a sapper. Mikhail Dmitrievich was a neat, intelligent soldier – he received one slight wound during the entire war. — "I was just lucky," Mikhail Dmitrievich said. But the rewards were not easy for him. The highest soldier's valor should be distinguished by the one who was awarded the Order of Glory, and Dobrynin M.D. has two of them. He received one Order of Glory for his participation in the battles during the crossing of the Vistula, the second for his participation in the battles near Frankfurt. Junior Sergeant Dobrynin ended the war near Berlin. His military path was marked by two Orders of Glory, two Orders of the Red Star, the Order of the Patriotic War of the First degree, medals for Bravery and For Military Merit.
During the Great Patriotic War, a second powerful stream of deportees poured into Yamal. On June 18, 1942, evacuees from the frontline arrived in Aksarka. But this time they were not Kulaks, but Finns-Ingermanlanders from the Leningrad region. Those who arrived (forty people in total) were immediately sent to work at the plant. Among them are the family of David Matveevich Khatu, Vilyamin Davidovich Lukkonen, Andrey Andreevich Korkhonen. Later Andrey Andreevich will become one of the best fishermen of the plant, his honor and glory. Sovetskaya Street (formerly Kolkhoznaya) was built by Finns, so it was also sometimes called Finnish. The people, without further ado, dubbed it so because the families of Finnish immigrants built and settled on it.
The influx of internally displaced persons was stopped by Stalin's death in 1953 . It was only in 1956 that special settlers began to be issued passports, but they were not allowed to leave yet. Some did not go home, but stayed here: in their homeland they were waiting for the notoriety of a criminal, someone just had nowhere to go. With the Volga Germans, the matter was complicated by the fact that their republic was not restored and they had nowhere to go. Descendants of deported Germans and Finns still live in Aksark: Fuss, Korhonen, Antonen, Wiedemann, Will, Hetman, Lazarson, Ostertag, Folvert.
In the era of perestroika, the press finally told the truth about Stalin and those times. The logical conclusion of this process at the state level was the publication of normative documents to restore social injustice towards victims of political repression. On October 18, 1991, the RSFSR Law "On Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression" was issued.
The fate of the descendants of the special settlers turned out differently – some, after graduating from school in the village of Aksarka, went to Salekhard and other cities, others entered higher and secondary educational institutions, received a specialty and worked at the enterprises of the village. And the great-great-grandchildren of those first special settlers are now studying at the Aksarkovskaya school.
The village has its own interesting history, similar and at the same time not similar to the history of other similar settlements in the Priuralsky district.
Music: Lydia Ruslanova - In the dugout